Fluids and Shock

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  1. Water makes up approximately ____ of total body weight.

    2. Your answer:
    30 percent
    40 percent
    60 percent
    80 percent

  2. Most of the water in the body is.

    3. Your answer:
    intracellular fluid
    subdermal fluid
    intravascular fluid
    extracellular fluid

  3. When body fluid levels drop, all of the following occur EXCEPT.

    4. Your answer:
    more urine is secreted
    the kidneys reabsorb water
    water shifts into the intravascular compartments
    ADH is secreted

  4. Signs of dehydration include all of the following EXCEPT:

    5. Your answer:
    tachycardia
    poor skin turgor
    sunken fontanelle
    sacral edema

  5. A prehospital patient exhibits signs of dehydration. What type of fluid is most appropriate to administer?

    6. Your answer:
    colloid
    hypotonic
    hypertonic
    isotonic

  6. A positively charged ion is called a (an):

    7. Your answer:
    anion
    electrolyte
    ion
    cation

  7. The chief extracellular cation that regulates body fluid distribution is:

    8. Your answer:
    magnesium
    bicarbonate
    sodium
    potassium

  8. The chief intracellular cation that aids in electrical impulse transmission is:

    9. Your answer:
    sodium
    potassium
    calcium
    magnesium

  9. The cation that plays a major role in muscle contractions is:

    10. Your answer:
    calcium
    sodium
    potassium
    bicarbonate

  10. The principle buffer of the acid-base system is:

    11. Your answer:
    potassium
    sodium
    magnesium
    bicarbonate

  11. The movement of water throgh a semi-permeable membrance from an area of low solute concentation toward an aea of high colute concentration is called:

    12. Your answer:
    osmosis
    diffusion
    active transport
    facilitated diffusion

  12. When administered to a normally hydrated patient, a hypotonic solution will casue fluid to move in which direction?

    13. Your answer:
    from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment
    from the extracellular to the intravascular compartment
    a hypotonic solution will cause no significant fluid shift
    from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment

  13. The movement of solute particles through a semi-permeable membrance from an erea of high solute concentration toward an area of low solute concentration is called:

    14. Your answer:
    diffusion
    facilitated diffusion
    active transport
    osmosis

  14. When administered to a normally hydrated patient, a hypertonic solution will cause fluid to move in which direction?

    15. Your answer:
    from the extracellular to the intravascular compartment
    from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment
    from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment
    a hypertonic solution will cause no significatn fluid shift

  15. A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma is said to be:

    16. Your answer:
    hypotonic
    osmotonic
    hypertonic
    isotonic

  16. When sodium is transported out of a myocardial cell against the osmotic gradient, the process is caid to be a form of:

    17. Your answer:
    active diffusion
    facilitated diffusion
    active transport
    facilitated transport

  17. The insulin/glucose relationship is an example of:

    18. Your answer:
    facilitated diffusion
    active transport
    facilitated transport
    active diffusion

  18. The two main parts of the blood are:

    19. Your answer:
    red blood cells and white blood cells
    plasma and formed elements
    plasma and platelets
    erythrocytes and leukocytes

  19. The percentage of the blood made up of red blod cells is known as the:

    20. Your answer:
    hematocrit
    hemoglobin
    hematoma
    hematuria

  20. Red blood cells make up what percentage of total blood volume in the healthy adult?

    21. Your answer:
    20 percent
    45 percent
    55 percent
    60 percent

  21. The universal recipent is blood type:

    22. Your answer:
    A
    B
    AB
    O

  22. The universal donor is blood type:

    23. Your answer:
    A
    B
    AB
    O

  23. Hetastarch, dextran, and salt-poor albumin are examples of the group of solutions known as:

    24. Your answer:
    hypotonics
    crystalloids
    colloids
    isotonics

  24. Which of the following is NOT true of colloid solutions?

    25. Your answer:
    they attract water into the intravascular space
    they are sub-classified as isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
    they are rarely administered in the prehospital setting
    they tend to remain in the intravascular space for an extended time

  25. Approximately how much lactated Ringer's solution would remain in the intravascular compartment after one hour?

    26. Your answer:
    100 percent
    67 percent
    50 percent
    33 percent

  26. The normal pH for the human body is:

    27. Your answer:
    7.3
    7.5
    7.35 - 7.45
    7.0 - 8.0

  27. The fastest mechanism for correcting the body's acid-base abnormalities is the:

    28. Your answer:
    buffer system
    hepatic system
    respiratory system
    renal system

  28. A condition characterized by a lowered pH level caused by abnormal retention of CO2 is:

    29. Your answer:
    respiratory alkalosis
    metabolic acidosis
    metabolic alkalosis
    respiratory acidosis

  29. Your trauma patient has lost a considerable amount of blood during prolonged entrapment in a wrecked car and is showing signs of shock. This pateint is likely also to be suffering from:

    30. Your answer:
    metabolic acidosis
    metabolic alkalosis
    respiratory acidosis
    respiratory alkalosis

  30. Your medical patient suffers from gastric ulcers and admits to having been taking an unusually large quantity of antacids. As a result, she may also be suffering:

    31. Your answer:
    respiratory alkalosis
    metabolic acidosis
    metabolic alkalosis
    respiratory acidosis

  31. Your patient, a diabetic, has taken an excessive amoutn of insulin and is unconscious. To treat the resulting metabolic acidosis, you should administer:

    32. Your answer:
    an infusion of lactated Ringer's solution
    bicarbonate of soda
    high-flow oxygen by nonrebreather mask
    assisted ventilations at a higher-than-normal rate

  32. The chief buffer of the acid-based system is:

    33. Your answer:
    carbonic anhydrase
    phosphorus
    carbonic acid
    bicarbonate

  33. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the heart's stroke volume?

    34. Your answer:
    preload
    afterload
    contractile force
    heart rate

  34. Preload wound be increased by which of the following?

    35. Your answer:
    Frank-Starling mechanism
    aterial dilation
    venous contraction
    increased capacitance

  35. The amount of blood pumped from the heart in one contraction is called:

    36. Your answer:
    contractile force
    afterload
    cardiac output
    stroke volume

  36. Which statement best illustrates the Frank-Starling mechanism?

    37. Your answer:
    the greater the afterload, the greater the stroke volume
    the less the stoke volume, the less the afterload
    the greater the preload, the greater the stroke volume
    the less the preload, the greater the afterload

  37. Your pateint is suffering congestive heart failure. To reduce the workload of the heart, you would:

    38. Your answer:
    start an infusion of lactated Ringer;s or normal saline
    administer epinephrine to increase contractile force
    administer a vasodilator to increase venous capacitance
    administer a vasoconstrictor to increas peripheral resistance

  38. The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is called:

    39. Your answer:
    minute volume
    stroke volume
    cardiac output
    capacitance

  39. The amount of resistance against which the heart must pump in order to eject blood is called:

    40. Your answer:
    afterload
    stroke volume
    pulse pressure
    systolic pressure

  40. Baroreceptors are sensory fibers that constantly monitor changes in:

    41. Your answer:
    heart rate
    carbon dioxide levels
    blood pressure
    oxygen levels

  41. When blood pressure falls, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, causing all of the following EXCEPT:

    42. Your answer:
    venous constriction
    increased cardiac contractile force
    increased heart rate
    peripheral vasodilation

  42. Peripheral vascular resistance is dependent on whcih three factors?

    43. Your answer:
    vessel diameter, vessel length, fluid viscosity
    stroke volume, contractile force, cardiac output
    arterial constriction, capillary sphincters, venous capacitance
    preload, afterload, contractile force

  43. The greatest change in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in the:

    44. Your answer:
    capillaries
    areterioles
    arteries
    aorta

  44. Which of the follwing is NOT a component of teh "Fick Principle" regarding oxygenation?

    45. Your answer:
    adequate FiO2
    adequate diffusion
    adequate hematocrit
    adequate metabolism

  45. When the supply of oxygen in the cells is not adequate, the result will be:

    46. Your answer:
    aerobic metabolism
    anaerobic metabolism
    the citric acid cycle
    the Krebs cycle

  46. Which of the following is NOT a possible result of anaerobic metabolism?

    47. Your answer:
    inefficient utilization of glucose
    cell death
    formation of lactic acid
    cessation of glycolysis

  47. Your patient has fallen from a ladder. Her skin is cool, clammy, and pale. She has an elevated heart rate. Her blood pressure is stable. You conclude that your pateint is in:

    48. Your answer:
    decompensated shock
    progressive shock
    compensated shock
    irrevesible shock

  48. Your patient has been extricated from a building collapse after a lengthy period of entrapment. Your assessment of the patient leads you to believe that he is in decompenstated shock. Which of the following is NOT a sign you are likely to have observed in this patient?

    49. Your answer:
    increasing confusion
    falling blood pressure
    increasing heart rate
    falling respirations

  49. Your trauma pateint has been shot during a robbery attempt and has sufferd severe blood loss. You want to replace fluid quickly. As you prepare to initiate an IV, which of the following catheters wound you select?

    50. Your answer:
    14 gauge, 1 inch
    22 gauge, 4 inch
    14 gauge, 4 nch
    22 gauge, 1 inch

  50. Which of the following is NOT apurpose for which use of the PASG is normally considered?

    51. Your answer:
    to splint lower extremity fractures
    to control blood loss
    to control pulmonary edema
    to help the body compenstate for shock

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